Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death globally from a single infectious agent. In 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 10.7 million new TB episodes and over 1.25 million deaths due to TB, the burden of which disproportionately impacts low and middle income countries. While global trends in TB incidence and mortality have begun to decline again following disruptions from COVID-19, more is needed to reach elimination of TB as a public health issue.

New TB vaccines for preventing disease in adolescents and adults are in late-stage trials, and following positive results could be available and licensed before the end of the decade. Undernutrition is a leading risk factor for TB and the recent RATIONS trial in India showed the effect of providing nutritional support to people with TB and their household contacts.

Mathematical modelling is a useful tool for estimating the impact of introducing new interventions across a variety of scenarios. This talk will present an overview of mathematical modelling of TB, results from modelling the impact of introducing new TB vaccines (including results from the WHO investment case for new TB vaccines, and country-specific vaccine introduction) and results from modelling the epidemiologic and economic impact of providing nutritional care to TB affected households.